Çàëîã - ýòî ãðàììàòè÷åñêèé
òåðìèí, óêàçûâàþùèé
íà òî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ
ëè ñóáúåêò
äåéñòâóþùèì
ëèöîì èëè æå
äåéñòâèå íàïðàâëåíî
íà íåãî.
Êîãäà
ìû ãîâîðèì,
÷òî ñóáúåêò
ñàì âûïîëíÿåò
äåéñòâèå, ìû
îòîæäåñòâëÿåì
åãî ñ äåÿòåëåì.
Êîãäà æå äåéñòâèå
íàïðàâëåíî
íà ñóáúåêòà,
ìû ãîâîðèì,
÷òî ñóáúåêò
- ïîëó÷àòåëü
äåéñòâèÿ.
Jane washed the window.
(Äæåéí - äåÿòåëü)
The window was washed
by Jane. (Îêíî
- ïîëó÷àòåëü
äåéñòâèÿ).
 ãðàììàòèêå
ìû ãîâîðèì,
÷òî ãëàãîë
â ïåðâîì ïðåäëîæåíèè
óïîòðåáëåí
â àêòèâíîì
çàëîãå, òàê
êàê ñóáúåêò
ÿâëÿåòñÿ äåÿòåëåì.
Ãëàãîë
was washed óïîòðåáëåí
â ïàññèâíîì
çàëîãå, òàê
êàê îí ïîêàçûâàåò,
÷òî äåéñòâèå
â ïðåäëîæåíèè
íàïðàâëåíî
íà ñóáúåêò.
Äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè,
ñóáúåêò íå
àêòèâåí, îí
ïàññèâåí.
Äåÿòåëü â ïàññèâíîì
ïðåäëîæåíèè
ïðèñîåäèíÿåòñÿ
ïðè ïîìîùè
ïðåäëîãà by.
Ñêàçóåìîå
â ïàññèâíîì
çàëîãå íèêîãäà
íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ
ïðîñòûì, îíî
âñåãäà ñîñòàâíîå.
Pronouns Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections